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publication] Jonathan Kwik discusses the use of autonomous weapon technologies

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[New book chapter] Autonomous weapons

Criminal responsibility of programmers of autonomous..

[Blog] ‘Meaningful human control over autonomous weapons and International Criminal Law’

[New podcast] Lethal Autonomous Weapons: 10 things we want to know

Panel discussion: Human control over Autonomous Military Technologies

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responsibility in the development and use of autonomous..

[Register now] DILEMA lecture: Remote, autonomous weapons and human agency

[DILEMA lecture] Remote, autonomous weapons and human agency

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[New publication] Failures to stop autonomous weapon systems as a war crime?

and humanitarian interests: Scaling the scope of autonomous..

[New blog] Three lessons on the regulation of autonomous weapons systems to ensure accountability..

[New publication] Autonomous weapons and the responsibility gap in the ICC statute

Blog: Lethal autonomous weapons, war crimes, and the Convention on Conventional Weapons

[Online DILEMA lecture] Artificial intelligence, autonomous weapon systems, and accidents in war

Rebecca Crootof on ‘Artificial intelligence, autonomous..

Unpacking the responsibility gap(s) arising from AI applications in weapon technologies

Instituut will be hosting an event entitled “Unpacking the responsibility gap(s) arising from AI applications in weapon technologies”. This symposium will address both the potential responsibility gaps in individual criminal responsibility for war crimes and State responsibility that may arise in relation to the implementation

[ASIL 2021] Roundtable on international law’s role in the governance of AI

Law’s Role in the Governance of AI: Autonomous weapons as a case study’. The roundtable will examine the ways in which international law needs to reorganise its engagement with AI, using the issue of autonomous weapons as a case study. Speakers will discuss how AI is challenging existing practices within the law of armed

PhD researcher Jonathan Kwik sparks debate on AI weapons with groundbreaking dissertation

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[New publication] The influence of AI decision-support systems on legal assessments in military..

Taylor Woodcock explores how algorithmic decision-support systems (DSS) in warfare impact legal reasoning in military targeting in a new article for Global Society’s special issue on algorithmic warfare. She concludes that these systems currently lack the capacity to make the necessary contextual, qualitative and value- legal

Experts urge immediate safeguards on military use of AI Decision-Support systems

A group of leading legal scholars has called on the international community to urgently regulate the use of artificial intelligence-based decision-support systems (AI-DSS) in military operations, warning that current frameworks fail to address the profound risks these systems pose to international humanitarian law and human

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[New publication] Military artificial intelligence and the principle of distinction: A state..

In a new article for the Israel Law Review (Cambridge University Press), researcher Magda Pacholska argues that the existing military AI technologies do not raise unique issues under the law of state responsibility. She argues that should the fully autonomous weapons - that is machine learning-based lethal systems capable of

[DILEMA lecture] Which practices shape norms? Retaining human control over the use of force

lecture on the topic of ‘Which practices shape norms? Retaining human control over the use of force’. Abstract The debate on autonomous weapons often characterises such systems as future problems in need of pre-emptive regulation. At the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on lethal autonomous weapons in Geneva, states parties

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[New publication] State responsibility in relation to military applications of artificial..

In a new paper, Asser Institute senior researcher Bérénice Boutin explores the conditions and modalities under which a state can incur responsibility in relation to violations of international law involving military applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. While the question of how to attribute and allocate

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[International Humanitarian Law] Taylor Woodcock: ‘We should focus on the effects of..

In a new podcast episode by On Air, Asser Institute researcher Taylor Woodcock discusses today’s ‘overshadowing focus on autonomous weapon systems (aws) in warfare’, and the consequential lack of attention to other military applications of artificial intelligence, such as the use of data-driven algorithms to assist with target

Catch up on those international law podcasts

will cater to your interests. Enjoy! 1. The ICJ: More than a dispute settlement body? A conversation with Prof. Ingo Venzke.Does it make sense to speak of universal values and their evocation in international law? Was the reaction of the Court in its ‘Order of 16 March 2022’ expected? What is the value of provisional measures

Blog: Who is responsible for the war crimes of killer robots?

war crimes committed with the use of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) has led to rising legal concerns over their development. States are facing the daunting task of trying to assess the technical, legal, ethical and policy questions raised by the development and use of LAWS in armed conflicts. The principle of

[Masterclass] Law and ethics of artificial intelligence in defence and security

defence and security sectors. The risks posed by autonomous weapon systems (so-called ‘killer robots’) are at the forefront of news coverage and international discussions, yet the opportunities and challenges of using AI for defence and security go far beyond this narrow and hypothetical frame. Today already, AI technologies

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[New Publication] Performance or explainability? A law of war perspective

In their publication for the Law, Governance, and Technology book series, Jonathan Kwik and Tom van Engers address the trade-off between explainability and performance in artificial intelligence-enabled weapons systems from a legal perspective. They introduce a general guideline for decision-makers, derived from existing

SAVE THE DATE: 2020 Winter Academy on Artificial Intelligence & International law

international law. What?The Winter Academy offers you foundational knowledge on key issues at the interface of international law and artificial intelligence, and provides a platform for critical debate and engagement on emerging questions. The programme is structured along five themes: Understanding AI, AI for good, AI and

The preliminary programme for the winter academy on artificial intelligence and international law..

panel discussions and workshops. Learn more about: Definition of AI and current trends Human agency in the age of AI Intelligence and moral judgment in humans and machines Explainability and intelligibility of decision-making algorithms Ethics of AI and value-sensitive design Using AI to advance the UN Sustainable Development

Call for Papers - Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 21 (2018)

General Theme: Weapons Law In recent years numerous developments have again highlighted the importance of Weapons Law for preventing and regulating armed conflict. The use of chemical weapons in Syria, the ups-and-downs of the Iranian Nuclear Deal or the policies of the current US administration brought NBC weapons back to

[New research papers] Artificial intelligence and warfare

intelligence and warfare. Aspects of realizing (meaningful) human control: A legal perspective In this paper, Asser researchers Berenice Boutin and Taylor Woodcock explain and problematise reliance on the concept of meaningful human control (MHC) in debates on autonomous weapon systems and military AI more broadly. The authors

Can ChatGPT solve legal dilemmas related to the military use of artificial intelligence?

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are capable of generating text on an endless range of topics. In a new video, Taylor Woodcock asks ChatGPT to discuss some of the most important legal issues surrounding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the military. Can ChatGPT solve these dilemmas? Taylor Woodcock is a

[Interview] Jonathan Kwik: "I am bridging the gap between the technical and the legal domains"

Researcher Jonathan Kwik specialises in the laws regulating conduct of hostilities and artificial intelligence (AI). Today, 14 February, he will defend his PhD dissertation entitled: ‘Lawfully using autonomous weapon technologies: A theoretical and operational perspective’. Jonathan Kwik: “What is often missed by jurists is the

Asser researcher wins NWO grant to research AI in the military context

At the same time, the increasing use of autonomous technologies and adaptive systems in the military context poses profound ethical, legal, and policy challenges. Ethical and lawful uses of AIThis research project sets out to ensure that military AI technologies support but never replace critical judgement and decision-making

New training to boost capacity in tackling international crimes

A new training programme, launched today by the Asser Institute, the Antonio Cassese Initiative and the International Nuremberg Principles Academy aims to bolster Colombia's ability to prosecute international crimes like war crimes and crimes against humanity. The initiative aims to strengthen the rule of law and combat

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[DILEMA roundtable] International governance of military AI: The way forward

On Tuesday 28 November 2023, the DILEMA project is organising the roundtable ‘International Governance of Military AI: The Way Forward’. The event will discuss ongoing initiatives for the governance of military AI at the international and regional levels, and explore the role of existing legal regimes in guiding the development

Asser’s First Winter Academy on Artificial Intelligence and International Law

case studies, and thematic sessions focusing on autonomous weapons systems and other uses of AI in the military as a case study, exploring issues of international humanitarian law, international criminal law, and other fields of international law in this context. A big thank you to @CityOfTheHague and its Mayor @PaulineKrikke

[Public panel] How to design and regulate for effective human-machine interaction in military AI?

How to design and regulate for effective human-machine interaction in the context of military decision-support systems? That is the topic of a public panel, organised by the Asser Institute’s trailblazing DILEMA research project on responsible military AI, during the REAIM summit in The World Forum in The Hague. This first

Arms transfer under international law

technologies and dual-use technologies. The series Litigating business and human rights violations: themes, perspectives, and prospects - León Castellanos-Jankiewicz (23 November 2023, at 5 pm) Arms Transfers in International Law (with some remarks on Autonomous Weapons) - Netta Goussac (29 January at 4 pm) Due diligence and

[Blog post] AI-based targeting in Gaza: Asser researcher Klonowska refines the debate on military AI

As the death toll in Gaza rises, the Israel Defence Force’s controversial use of artificial intelligence-enabled decision-support systems sparks heavy debate amongst experts. In her recent blog post for the Lieber Institute, Klaudia Klonowska calls experts to shift away from abstract discussions of emerging AI and to instead

[Interview] Asser researcher Sadjad Soltanzadeh: ‘It is important for us to study human activities..

Dr Sadjad Soltanzadeh is a postdoctoral researcher in the ethics and philosophy of technology. He recently published a book, entitled ‘Problem-solving technologies: A user-friendly philosophy’. On 8 June, the Asser Institute and the DILEMA Project are hosting a book launch symposium around this book. Soltanzadeh: ‘What I tried

[2020 Winter Academy] Artificial Intelligence and International Law

Institute is offering the second edition of the Winter Academy on Artificial Intelligence and International Law. Over the course of one week, you will get the latest insights into current and future issues raised by AI from the perspective of international law.The programme is available here. BackgroundArtificial intelligence

[Blog post] The ‘need’ for speed – The cost of unregulated AI-Decision Support Systems to civilians

In their recently published blog piece for Opinio Juris, Marta Bo (Asser Institute) and Jessica Dorsey (Utrecht University) criticise the lack of regulation for military use of AI-enabled decision-support systems (AI-DSS). These AI-enabled systems are being implemented by militaries at an alarming speed and scale, including in

[New Publication] Is wearing sunglasses an attack? Obligations under international humanitarian law..

In a forthcoming article for the International Review of the Red Cross, researcher Jonathan Kwik addresses the legal ambiguity of adversarials, an anti-artificial intelligence countermeasure that can induce hallucinations, bias, and performance drops in an opponents’ AI systems. Kwik proposes a cognitive framework that builds

[Interview] PhD researcher Taylor Woodcock: ‘Does reliance on AI in the military alter how..

PhD researcher Taylor Woodcock conducts research in the context of the DILEMA project on designing international law and ethics into military artificial intelligence (AI). She focuses on the legal frameworks (international humanitarian law and international human rights law) that govern conflicts. During the Asser Institute’s

[Research seminar] LAWS in international law

law’. It is unclear what exactly lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are, whether and how they might comply with international humanitarian law (IHL), and whether human control over and responsibility for their operations can be ensured. Despite these uncertainties, in a stunning display of circularity, the emerging

[DILEMA Lecture] The ethics of human–robot interaction

on the topic of ‘The Ethics of Human–Robot Interaction and Traditional Moral Theories’. The lecture will be followed by a Q&A moderated by Dr Sadjad Soltanzadeh, (Asser Institute). The lecture will take place in-person at the Asser Institute, with remote attendance available.AbstractThe rapid introduction of different kinds of

[Annual Report 2020] ‘The year of Zoom’

The Asser Institute Annual Report 2020 is now online. The report will give you an insight into the depth, diversity and impact of our research, training, publications and other educational activities. With another year behind us, the Asser Institute wants to highlight our achievements of the last year in academic research,

[HILAC Lecture] Expert manuals in international humanitarian law

series discussion on the role of "expert manuals" in the interpretation and development of international humanitarian law on 26 September 2022 at the Asser Institute. The lecture launches the new volume of the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law (YIHL) which focuses on this topic. The launch will be followed by a

[DILEMA 2023 Conference] Designing international law and ethics into military artificial intelligence

Unfortunately registrations are closed as we are at full capacity. Please sign up for your Education and Events newsletter to be informed about future conferences and events. On 12–13 October 2023, the DILEMA project is organising a conference around the complex and interdisciplinary issues raised by military applications of

[Interview] Asser researcher Berenice Boutin: “Now is the moment to govern and regulate Artificial..

moment to govern and regulate AI’. What exactly is Artificial Intelligence?“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most promising, complex, and fast advancing current technological developments. The term AI refers to computer systems that exhibit abilities to perform problem-solving, predictive analysis and other cognitive

[The year in review] Rethinking international law: From Memory Laws to AI and war crimes

As 2023 draws to a close, we compiled this years’ ten most insightful and thought-provoking interviews with leading experts in the field of international law. The conversations discussed the challenges and opportunities facing the global legal community, offering a glimpse into the future of international law. As public

[Doctoral seminar] Arms control and emerging disruptive technologies

biological, nuclear and certain conventional weapons. Yet many of these existing arms control regimes are ill-equipped to deal with twentieth-first century challenges. In particular, arms control is struggling to adapt to emerging disruptive technologies. Three challenges stand out: firstly, the acceleration of innovation by

[Workshop] Who are ‘humans’ in military artificial intelligence?

In collaboration with Utrecht University, the Asser Institute is co-organising a workshop to understand and evaluate who are ‘humans’ involved in - or excluded from - the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in the military domain. Taking place on 13 June 2025, the workshop will bring together experts

Artificial Intelligence & Blockchain for Good: Using Technology to Foster Trust

(THCB). Programme and Speakers 14:45 - 15:00 Arrival and registration 15:00 - 15:20 Opening and Welcome Addresses Professor Janne Nijman (Academic Director, Asser Institute) Irakli Beridze (Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)) 15:20 - 15:50

[2019 Winter Academy] Artificial Intelligence and International Law

The Asser Institute is offering a new Winter Academy on Artificial Intelligence and International Law. Over the course of one week, this innovative training programme provides insights into current and future issues raised by artificial intelligence from the perspective of international law. BackgroundArtificial intelligence

[Online conference] Law and ethics of artificial intelligence in the public sector: From principles to practice and policy

is organising an interdisciplinary conference on ‘Law and Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector: From Principles to Practice and Policy’. To register for this event, click here. BackgroundThe conference will address the multiple challenges raised by the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the

[CLEER summer school] EU External relations law

to an online format if necessary. Admission requirements: For students, civil servants or practitioners with an academic background or practical experience in law, political science or international relations. Please register by clicking on the red button. 6 scholarships are available for students attending in person, waiving

“A Tale of Two Cities”: The Roles of Geneva and The Hague, two UN cities, in Driving Global Justice

start a multi-annual joint research project on autonomous weapons and international criminal law this summer. Just recently, the Asser Institute organised a panel discussion with the ICRC on ‘The Role of International Criminal Law in Fostering Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Past and Future Perspectives'. “It is

[Call for papers] Law and ethics of AI in the public sector

Intelligence in the Public Sector.pdf">‘Law and ethics of artificial intelligence in the public sector: From principles to practice and policy’, for an interdisciplinary conference that will take place on 10–11 March 2022 at the Asser Institute in The Hague (subject to change). BackgroundThe conference seeks to address the

[Short course] Military AI: International law and governance

This innovative two-day capacity-building course will provide you with a deep understanding of the challenges and opportunities posed by the use of military artificial intelligence (AI). The course will create a common basis of knowledge around key features of these technologies, and the various regimes of international law,

Asser SSRN research paper series

Papers 2016 - 2019">here. 2022 Research Papers Bo, M. ‘Are programmers in or ‘out of’ control? The individual criminal responsibility of programmers of autonomous weapons and self-driving cars’, Asser Research Paper 2022-08 (SSRN), July 2022, forthcoming in: Gless, S. & Whalen-Bridge, H. (eds.), Human-Robot Interaction in Law

[New publication] Many hands in the black box: Artificial intelligence and the responsibility of..

In a new book chapter, researcher Magda Pacholska (Asser Institute) analyses the possible legal reverberations of the rapidly growing interest in AI-enabled technologies by international organisations within the military and security domains. In the past decade, there has been a growing number of international organisations

[Interview] James Patrick Sexton: ‘There is a contrast between the dedication to prosecute war..

Asser Institute researcher James Patrick Sexton examines the state obligation to investigate war crimes committed in multilateral settings during armed conflict in a recent journal article. He also works on several projects under the auspices of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF). ‘Informal and temporary military

[Book launch symposium] The role and impact of technologies on human activities

at the Asser Institute in The Hague. Programme 16:45 - Arrival and registration 17:00 - Opening remarks - Dr Berenice Boutin, Senior Researcher in International Law, DILEMA Project Leader (Asser Institute) 17:10 - Panel Discussion Dr Maarten Franssen, Associate Professor of Philosophy of Technology (Delft University of

Call for Papers on expert panel manuals for the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law

more such manuals will follow on topics such as autonomous weapons systems, bio-enhancement and other emerging technologies at some point. What should the contributions focus on? While these manuals can and do play an undoubtedly useful role, their proliferation raises a number of questions. What degree of authority do they

[Interview] Arms control law chair Thilo Marauhn: ‘We need to adapt current arms control law to..

Thilo Marauhn, a widely recognised expert in international law, is professor by special appointment of International Arms Control Law at Amsterdam Law School (University of Amsterdam). The Chair was established in 2021 on behalf of the T.M.C. Asser Instituut. Marauhn, who is seconded to the Hague-based Institute, focuses on

[Blog] Artificial intelligence: Is the answer more law?

to say, yes, we do indeed need more law. The challenges of AI to human agency According to Prof. Murray, one of the key problems raised by reliance on AI is its impact on human agency. AI impedes the agency of the user by dictating what information is (and isn’t) presented to them, constituting an interference in their ability

A new year and a new research agenda: 'Rethinking public interests in international and European..

By Janne E. Nijman On Friday January 14, Australian minister for immigration, citizenship, migrant services and multicultural affairs, Alex Hawke, stated that he exercised his power ‘to cancel the visa held by Mr Novak Djokovic on health and good order grounds, on the basis that it was in the public interest to do so.’ (Italics

In the media

this opacity could enable wrongful and illegal weapons transfers. (10 July 2025) Researcher León Castellanos-Jankiewicz was interviewed by Belgian newspaper Le Soir on the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling on the Smith & Wesson Brands Inc. v. Estados Unidos Mexicanos case. (20 June 2025) In an interview with El País, senior

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