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Blurred Nationalities: The list of the “23” and the eligibility rules at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. A guest Post by Yann Hafner (Université de Neuchâtel)

In 2009, Sepp Blatter expressed his concerns that half of the players participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup would be Brazilians naturalized by other countries. The Official list of Players released a few weeks ago tends to prove him wrong[1]. However, some players have changed their eligibility in the past and will even be playing against their own country of origin[2]. This post aims at explaining the key legal aspects in changes of national affiliation and to discuss the regulations pertaining to the constitution of national sides in general[3].

The 32 national associations engaged in the final competition are bound by two sets of rules, namely the Regulations of the 2014 World Cup – Brazil and the Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes 2013[4]. Their common purpose is to ensure that players have a genuine, close and credible link with the national association which selects them on its roster[5]. This is primarily ensured by the permanent holding of the nationality of the country of the national association in question[6]. It means that nationality must not be pegged to the residence of the player in a certain country[7]. Naturally, sanctions may apply in the case of a breach of these stipulations[8].

The global race to secure talent meeting this nationality requirement is not new. It appears that it has however reached a new level in light of the Diego Costa case since FIFA regulations do not prevent nor address the issue of dual call-up[9]. Many players, such as Manchester United midfield Adnan Janujaz (who actually just elected to play for Belgium a few weeks ago)[10], are placed in a difficult if not untenable position. They are indeed denied the right to refuse an international selection according to FIFA regulations even if they are called-up by both national teams they are affiliated to[11].

The recent Diego Costa saga put this issue under intense media scrutiny[12]. To summarize the issue, the Brazilian-born player had gained very few international appearances in the preliminary phase, playing exclusively friendlies for his country of birth, before acquiring Spanish nationality and moving to represent Spain at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. His choice was portrayed as traitorous by some officials of the Brazilian football federation. In light of this, imagine for one second the headlines of the worldwide press if Diego Costa had defeated Brazil during the knockout phase (28 or 29 June) or the grand final on 13 July 2014, if both teams had qualified for the second phase of the tournament. In the eyes of many, FIFA is responsible for allowing Diego Costa to play against his country of birth. However, this is overlooking that the acquisition of a new nationality and change of national associations are strictly regulated, and that such regulations are actually decided collectively by the members of FIFA. In this respect, it should be mentioned that the Brazilian Football Federation has not made any official move to modify the rules so far[13].


Acquisition of a new nationality

Article 7 of the 2013 FIFA Regulations reads as follow: “Any Player who refers to art. 5 par. 1 to assume a new nationality and who has not played international football in accordance with art. 5 par. 2 shall be eligible to play for the new representative team only if he fulfils one of the following conditions: a) He was born on the territory of the relevant Association; b) His biological mother or biological father was born on the territory of the relevant Association; c) His grandmother or grandfather was born on the territory of the relevant Association; d) He has lived continuously for at least five years after reaching the age of 18 on the territory of the relevant Association”.

Under this article, the acquisition of a new nationality must be distinguished with double nationality. Dual nationals by birth may elect to represent the national association of their choice. This is notably the case of football players born in Northern Ireland for instance[14]. They can play for the Irish Football Association (Northern Ireland) or the Football Association of Ireland (Ireland) as they can claim British and Irish nationalities at birth[15]. Of note, this article applies only to player who have acquired a new nationality before their first international appearance. If this is not the case, they will not be allowed to play for their new country. 

The “granny rule” and the five-year waiting period are the most controversial eligibility regulations. Some authors find indeed that gaining eligibility through a grandparent does not offer a link close enough with the country that the player wishes to represent. Consequently, they advocate that this provision be deleted from the FIFA regulations[16]. The waiting rule was introduced in order to protect national identity and young players[17] and thus, to prevent expedited naturalization of football players. It institutes a de facto prohibition to play at international level before the age of 23 years old when naturalized. This rule was challenged twice since its coming into force in 2008. First, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Federation and the Australian Federation sought laxer rules in order to include immigrant players in their national side. The FIFA Congress rejected this bid by 153 to 42 votes and the second submission for a change was even withdrawn before being put to vote[18]. This landslide vote shows that FIFA members are favoring the status quo.

 

Change of association

Article 8, paragraph 1, of the 2013 FIFA Regulations reads as follow: “If a Player has more than one nationality, or if a Player acquires a new nationality, or if a Player is eligible to play for several representative teams due to nationality, he may, only once, request to change the Association for which he is eligible to play international matches to the Association of another Country of which he holds nationality, subject to the following conditions: a) He has not played a match (either in full or in part) in an Official Competition at “A” international level for his current Association, and at the time of his first full or partial appearance in an international match in an Official Competition for his current Association, he already had the nationality of the representative team for which he wishes to play; b) He is not permitted to play for his new Association in any competition in which he has already played for his previous Association”

Appropriately seeking to balance the interests involved, this rule serves to monitor change of eligibility and protect the integrity of international competitions while respecting the rights of players to move from one country to another[19]. FIFA did not monitor such changes until the mid-1960s[20]. The world governing body for football introduced at that time the concept of an election of nationality and banned change of national association until 2003.


The FIFA Congress introduced a limited right to change national affiliation but it was first reserved for U-23 players only[21]. In 2008, FIFA extended this right to any player provided that they were dual nationals when they had played for their first country and had not played in an Official Competition at “A” level (i.e. with the first team of a national association)[22]. The chart indicates that the number of requests to change association increased dramatically after 2008. However, it has now stabilized at approximately 30 requests per year. In this respect, the 2014 FIFA World Cup does not seem to have had any effect compared to the 2010 edition combined with the new set of rules.

To date, 237 players have taken the opportunity to change national affiliation and 24 of them are currently participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. This represents approximately 10.10% of the 237 players and only 3.26% of the 736 players engaged in the competition. This figure is line with the 2004 Athens Olympics Games for instance where 2.6% of the athletes had change their sporting nationality[23]. It shows that the concerns of Sepp Blatter have not materialized and that the situation is currently under control. Therefore, there is certainly no urgent need to further strengthen the existing regulatory framework.


[1]For a mapping of ancestral and international connections between teams, see: Brazil 2014: Visualising ancestral and international connections between teams (http://codehesive.com/wc-ancestry/).

[2] If he had been fielded, Eduardo Alves da Silva would have been the first to play against his country of birth during the opening match (Brazil – Croatia: 2 – 1).

[3] This post will not address the issue of shared nationalities (art. 6 Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes 2013) and change of association due to states authorities nor its process (art. 8 par 2 and 3 Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes 2013).

[4] Available at FIFA.com.

[5] McCutcheon, National eligibility rules after Bosman, in: Professional Sport in the EU: Regulation and Re-regulation TMC Asser Press (Den Haag) p. 127.

[6] Article 5 par. 1 Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes 2013.

[7] Article 5 par. 1 Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes 2013.

[8] Fielding an ineligible player is sanctioned by the mandatory forfeiture of the game and a CHF 6’000 fine (article 8 par. 3 the Regulations of the 2014 World Cup – Brazil and article 31 FIFA Disciplinary Code).

[9] A situation of dual call-up may occur when a player, dual national and who has not elected a sporting nationality, is called by both associations he belongs to. This raises the issue of the right to refuse an international selection.

[10] According to the project Brazil 2014: Visualising ancestral and international connections between teams, Adnan Janujaz is the most connected player.

[11] Article 3 par. 1 – Annexe 1 – Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players 2012.

[12] See for example: Páez Romero, Regulations: Player eligibility: the Diego Costa case, in: World Sports Law Report, Vol. 12 issue 1 (January 2014); Margaritis, The Dynamics of nationality and football, in: LawInSport, 28 April 2014; Lovatt, Changing nationality in football: the FIFA rules that helped Brazilian Diego Costa play for Spain, in: LawInSport, 4 November 2013.

[13] This is probably due to the fact that the Brazilian Football Federation has lost only one player to the current FIFA regulations. It should be noted that Brazilian players who have never been selected nor have played in friendlies are not cast by FIFA statistics on change of eligibility.

[14] Hafner, La qualification des joueurs en équipe représentative au regard de la réglementation de la FIFA : le cas de la Coupe du monde 2010, n° 35.

[15] Cf. CAS 2010/A/2071 Irish Football Association v/ Football Association of Ireland, Daniel Kearns and FIFA, award of 27 September 2010.

[16] For instance: Hall, Fishing for All-Stars in a Time of Global Free Agency: Understanding FIFA Eligibility Rules and the Impact on the U.S. Men’s National Team, in: Marquette Sports Law Review, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p. 205.

[17] FIFA Congress 2011 – Minutes, p. 64.

[18] FIFA Congress 2011 – Minutes, p. 64 and FIFA Congress 2013, Minutes, p. 85.

[19] McCutcheon, National eligibility rules after Bosman, in: Professional Sport in the EU: Regulation and Re-regulation TMC Asser Press (Den Haag) p. 138. A general prohibition of change eligibility is likely to be deemed illegal. Cf. Oswald, First conclusions of the lecturers, in : La nationalité dans le sport : Enjeux et Problèmes, Editions CIES (Neuchâtel) 2006, p.201.

[20] Hall, Fishing for All-Stars in a Time of Global Free Agency: Understanding FIFA Eligibility Rules and the Impact on the U.S. Men’s National Team, in: Marquette Sports Law Review, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p. 194. Van den Bogaert, Practical Regulation of the Mobility of Sportsmen in the EU post Bosman, p. 348.

[21] Hafner, La qualification des joueurs en équipe représentative au regard de la réglementation de la FIFA : le cas de la Coupe du monde 2010, n° 44.

[22] Hafner, La qualification des joueurs en équipe représentative au regard de la réglementation de la FIFA : le cas de la Coupe du monde 2010, n° 45.

[23] Poli/Gillon, La naturalisation de sportifs et fuite des muscles. Le cas des Jeux Olympiques de 2004, in : La nationalité dans le sport : Enjeux et Problèmes, Editions CIES (Neuchâtel) 2006, p. 59.


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Asser International Sports Law Blog | International Sports Law in 2015: Our Reader

Asser International Sports Law Blog

Our International Sports Law Diary
The Asser International Sports Law Centre is part of the T.M.C. Asser Instituut

International Sports Law in 2015: Our Reader

This post offers a basic literature review on publications on international and European sports law in 2015. It does not have the pretence of being complete (our readers are encouraged to add references and links in the comments under this blog), but aims at covering a relatively vast sample of the 2015 academic publications in the field (we have used the comprehensive catalogue of the Peace Palace Library as a baseline for this compilation). When possible we have added hyperlinks to the source.[1]

Have a good read.

Books

Stefano Bastianon (ed.), La sentenza Bosman vent'anni dopo. Aspetti giuridico-economici della sentenza che ha cambiato il calcio professionistico europeo (Giappichelli, Torino 2015)

Stefano Bastianon (ed.), L'Europa e lo sport. Profili giuridici, economici e sociali. Atti del 4° Convegno (Bergamo, 26 novembre 2014) (Giappichelli, Torino 2015)

Frédéric Buy & al (ed.), Droit du sport (L.G.D.J, Paris 2015)

Johnny Maeschalk et al., Sportrecht (Die Keure, Brugge, 2015)

Mathieu Maisonneuve (ed.), Droit et olympisme : contribution à l'étude juridique d'un phénomène transnational, (Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, Aix en Provence 2015)

Despina Mavromati and Matthieu Reeb, The Code of the Court of Arbitration for Sport : commentary, cases and materials (Wolters Kluwer, Alphen aan den Rijn 2015)

David McArdle, Dispute Resolution in Sport: Athletes, Law and Arbitration (Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London, New York 2015)

Patrick Meier, Dopingsanktion durch Zahlungsversprechen: das Beispiel der Ehrenerklärungen des Weltradsportverbands UCI (Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2015)

Mario Merget, Beweisführung im Sportgerichtsverfahren am Beispiel des direkten und indirekten Dopingnachweises (Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2015)

Katarina Pijetlovic, EU sports law and breakaway leagues in football (Asser Press, The Hague 2015)

Moritz Tauschwitz, Die Dopingverfolgung in Deutschland und Spanien. Eine strafrechtliche und kriminologische Untersuchung (Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2015)

Klaus Vieweg (ed.), Lex Sportiva (Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2015)

Klaus Vieweg, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Franz Steinle (ed.), "Techno-Doping": Leistungssteigerung durch technische Hilfsmittel aus naturwissenschaftlicher und juristischer Perspektive (Boorberg, Stuttgart 2015)

Klaus Vieweg (ed.), Impulse des Sportrechts (Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2015)

Marjolaine Viret, Evidence in Anti-Doping at the Intersection of Science & Law (T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016)

Markus Zimmermann, Vertragsstabilität im internationalen Fußball : unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rechtsprechung der FIFA und des CAS (Richard Boorberg, Stuttgart 2015)

 

Academic Journals[2]

The International Sports Law Journal

Antonio Rigozzi, Ulrich Haas, Emily Wisnosky, Marjolaine Viret, Breaking down the process for determining a basic sanction under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 3-48

Elena Atienza-Macias, 2015 WADA code comes into effect: significant changes in the Spanish legal arena, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 49-54

Antoine Duval, Cocaine, doping and the court of arbitration for sport, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 55-63 

Corinna Coors, Are sports image rights assets? A legal, economic and tax perspective, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 64-68

Simon Boyes, Legal protection of athletes’ image rights in the United Kingdom, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 69-82

Tom Serby, The Council of Europe Convention on Manipulation of Sports Competitions: the best bet for the global fight against match-fixing?, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 83-100

Jonathan Liljeblad, Foucault, justice, and athletes with prosthetics: the 2008 CAS Arbitration Report on Oscar Pistorius,  June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 101-111

Jacob Kornbeck, Lisbonisation without regulation: engaging with sport policy to maximise its health impact?, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 112-122

Sergey Yurlov, Right to participate in sporting competition: a human right or legal fiction and the Russian legal framework for sport, June 2015, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp 123-127

 

SpuRt: Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht

Fabian Stancke, ‘Pechstein und der aktuelle Stand des Sportkartel‘ (2015), Volume 22, Issue 2, 46-51

Jan F. Orth, Martin Stopper, ‘Entscheidungsvollzug in der Verbandspyramide und Ausbildungsentschädigung‘ (2015), Volume 22, Issue 2, 51-56

Philipp Wackerbeck, ‘Das Aus der Spielervermittlerlizenz und das "Dritteigentum an Spielerrechten" - eine erste, kritische Bestandsaufnahme‘ (2015), Volume 22, Issue 2, 56-61

Michael Geistlinger, Julia Schaffelhofer, ‘Die Vierjahressperre nach dem WADC 2015 aus dem Blickwinkel der grundrechtlichen Berufsfreiheit‘ (2015), Volume 22, Issue 3, 101-105

 

Causa Sport: die Sport-Zeitschrift für nationales und internationales Recht sowie für Wirtschaft

Peter W. Heermann, ‘Related Parties gemäss Financial Fair Play: Erste Erfahrungen‘ (2015), Issue 1, 3-9

Markus Zimmermann, ‘Komplexe Konsequenzen bei Vertragsauflösungen im Fussball‘ (2015), Issue 1, 16-22

Patrick Redell, ‘Spielerverträge mit Minderjährigen: droht ein neuer "Bosman" Fall?‘ (2015), Issue 1, 28-36

Anne-Sophie Morand, ‘Verbote religiöser und politischer Symbole im Sport im Lichte des Persönlichkeitsrechts‘ (2015), Issue 1, 72-81

Luca Beffa & Olivier Ducrey, Review of the 2014 Case Law of the Swiss Federal Tribunal concerning Sports Arbitration (2015), Issue 2, 115-123

Marco Del Fabro, Optionen nach dem Verbot von Third Party Ownerships (2015), Issue 3, 219-230

Ralf Eckert  & Clauia Wisser, Die Genehmigungsgebühr des DLV im Lichte des <Pechstein-Urteils> des OLG München (2015), Issue 3, 238-241

Matthias Neumann, Die Lizenzbox : attraktives Steuerungsinstrument für Fußballklubs im Rahmen des Merchandising (2015), Issue 3,  295-303

Dominik Kocholl, Schiedsklauseln im internationalen Sport : gewollt oder nicht? : Anmerkungen zur Entscheidung des Gerichtshofs vom 18. Februar 2015 3 Ob 157/14f (2015), Issue 3,  311-321

Urs Scherrer, FIFA : Reflexionen zu Fakten, zu Spekulationen und zur Zukunft (2015), Issue 3, 322-325

Jonas Leder, Das Bewerbungsverfahren um die Ausrichtung der Olympischen Spiele nach der IOC-Agenda 2020 (2015), Issue 4, 339-343 

Robin van der Hout & Christian Wagner, Neue Möglichkeiten beihilferechtskonformer Finanzierung von Sportinfrastrukturen (2015), Issue 4, 344-352

Paul Lambertz, Problematische Namensveröffentlichungsregelung in Dopingfällen gemäss WADA-Code (2015), Issue 4, 369-373

Peter W. Heermann, Abstellung von Nationalspielern aus kartellrechtlicher Sicht (2015), Issue 4, 384-391

 

Revista española de derecho deportivo

Diego Medina Morales, ‘Derecho del deporte y normas de juego’ (2015), Volume 35, Issue 1, 11-18

Sandra L. Echeverry Velásquez, ‘Límites en la actividad publicitaria de naturaleza general y especial aplicada al deporte’ (2015), Volume 35, Issue 1, 55-78

Emilio A. García Silvero, ‘La disciplina deportiva en las federaciones deportivas internacionales: algunos aspectos básicos para su adecuada comprensión’(2015) Volume 35, Issue 1, 79-102

 

Rivista di diritto ed Economia dello sport

Mario Vigna, La Saga Pechstein : Tremano le colonne del tempio tas ? (2015), Issue 1, 13-30

Alessandro Coni, Le Third-Party Ownership, (2015), Issue 1, 31-68

Michele Spadini, La normativa FIFA a tutela dei minori alla luce del « caso Barcellona »
(2015), Issue 2, 17-46

Piero Sandulli, Acquisizione e valutazione della prova nel processo sportivo : Profili problematici ? (2015), Issue 2, 47-58

Maria Herta Palomba, L’esclusione del calciatore dalla rosa della prima squadra e il concetto di giusta causa nella giurisprudenza del CAS e della FIFA (2015), Issue 2, 59-74

Luca Smacchia, Il lodo Mutu : Come il diritto europeo limita la specificità dello sport (2015), Issue 2, 75-88

Gerardo Russo, Lo sviluppo tecnico normativo nella lotta al doping e l’impatto sul rilascio delle licenze world tour UCI : Il caso Astana (2015), Issue 2, 89-116

Salvatore Civale, L'Indennità di formazione e il contributo di solidarietà nei trasferimenti internazionali dei calciatori alla luce della circolare FIFA n.1500 (2015), Issue 2, 117-126

Massimiliano Zampi & Giovanna Tassoni, Il doping tra medicina legale e diritto, osservazioni sulla liceità dei prelievi e sulle modlità di accertamento(2015), Issue 2, 135-148

Alessandro Coni, Il caso RFC Sérésien : La prima condanna per violazione del divieto di TPO (2015), Issue 2, 135-148

 

Sweet & Maxwell's international sports law review

James M. Dorsey, ‘To watch or not to watch? : Middle Eastern Women's Sporting Rights’ (2015) Sweet & Maxwell's international sports law review

Lauri Tarasti, ‘First International Convention against Sport Manipulation’ (2015) Sweet & Maxwell's international sports law review

Kevin Carpenter & Adam Pendlebury, ‘Tweeting the Game into Disrepute : Regulation of Social Media by Governing Bodies : Lessons from English Football’ (2015) Sweet & Maxwell's international sports law review

Ulrich Haas, ‚The Court of Arbitration for Sport in the Case Law of the German Courts’ (2015) Sweet & Maxwell's international sports law review

 

Others

Toine Spapens and Marjan Olfers, Match-fixing: The Current Discussion in Europe and the Case of The Netherlands (2015) European Journal of Crime Criminal Law and Criminal Justice; vol. 23, Issue. 4, 333-358

Ulrich Haas, Der Court of Arbitration for Sport im Spiegel der deutschen Rechtsprechung (2015) Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft; vol. 114, issue. 4, 516-544

Andrew Wacke, Spiel und Wette (insbesondere Sportwetten) in der Entwickliung des europäischen Zivilrechts (2015) Zeitschrift für europäisches Privatrecht, Issue 1, 88-104

Valerie Kaplan, UEFA Financial Fair play Regulations and the European Union Antitrust Law Complications (2015) Emory International Law Review, Volume 29, Issue 4, 799-857

Philippe Cavalieros, Janet (Hyun Jeong) Kim, Can the Arbitral Community learn from Sports Arbitration? (2015) Journal of International Arbitration, Volume 32, Issue 2, 237-260 

Ralf Eckert, Maut fürs Laufen : zur Rechtmäßigkeit einer von einem Sportverband erhobenen Abgabe (2015) Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb, Volume 65, Issue 5, 480-489

Evelyne Lagrange, L'État et les puissances privées : digressions sur la compétence plénière de l'État et "l'autonomie du mouvement sportif" in Pierre d'Argent, Béatrice Bonafé et Jean Combacau (eds.) Les limites du droit international : essais en l'honneur de Joe Verhoeven, 183-204, 2015, ISBN 9782802742913

Mark Pieth, Ist der FIFA noch zu helfen? (2015) Zeitschrift fur Schweizerisches Recht, vol. 134, Issue. 1, 135-148

Danielle Wood, Giving Competition a Sporting Chance? : The Role for Antitrust Laws in Promoting Competition from New Sporting Leagues in Australia and the United States (2015) Australian Business Law Review; vol. 43, Issue. 3, 206-227

Oliver Budzinski, Stefan Szymanski, Are restrictions of competition by sports associations horizontal or vertical in nature? (2015) Journal of Competition Law & Economics, Volume 11, Issue 2, 409-429

Phinney Disseldorp, Voetballers niet langer te koop!? : Over een verbod op Third Party Ownership (2015) Tijdschrift voor sport & recht, Issue 1, 1-7

Geoff Pearson, Sporting Justifications under EU Free Movement and Competition Law: The Case of the Football ‘Transfer System’ (2015) European Law Journal, Volume 21, Issue 2, 220–238

Ben Van Rompuy, The Role of EU Competition Law in Tackling Abuse of Regulatory Power by Sports Associations (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 179-208

Nicolaides Phedon, A Critical Analysis of the Application of State Aid Rules to Sport (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 209-223

Antoine Duval, The Court of Arbitration for Sport and EU Law: Chronicle of an Encounter (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 224-255

Richard Parrish, Article 17 of the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players: Compatibility with EU Law, (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 256-282

Jacob Kornbeck, The Stamina of the "Bosman" Legacy : The European Union and the Revision of the World Anti-Doping Code (2011-2013) (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 283-304

Anna Sabrina Wollman, Olivier Vonk & Gerard-René De Groot, Towards a Sporting nationality? (2015) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 22, issue. 2, 305-321

Stefano Bastianon, The Striani Challenge to UEFA Financial Fair-Play. A New Era after Bosman or Just a Washout? (2015) Competition Law Review, Volume 11 Issue 1, 7-39

Beverley Williamson, Premiership Rugby Union: Through the Antitrust Looking Glass (2015) Competition Law Review, Volume 11 Issue 1, 41-60

Oskar van Maren, The Real Madrid case: A State aid case (un)like any other? (2015) Competition Law Review, Volume 11 Issue 1, 83-108

 

SSRN Articles

Anastasios Kaburakis, Ryan M. Rodenberg, John T. Holden, Inevitable: Sports Gambling, State Regulation, and the Pursuit of Revenue (10 January 2015)

Ben Van Rompuy, The Odds of Match Fixing - Facts & Figures on the Integrity Risk of Certain Sports Bets (22 January 2015)

Craig Dickson, Complex Rules & Inconsistent Interpretation: Duty of Care and Causation in Collision Sports (27 February 2015)

Craig Dickson, Courtsiding' in Sport: Cheating, Sharp Practice or Merely Irritating? (13 March 2015)

Kyle Mulrooney, Katinka Van de Ven, ”Muscle Profiling”: Anti-Doping Policy and Deviant Leisure (23 March 2015) 

Antoine Duval, Ben Van Rompuy, The Compatibility of Forced CAS Arbitration with EU Competition Law: Pechstein Reloaded (23 June 2015)

Michele Giannino, Can Joint Sale Agreements for Exclusive Media Rights to Sport Events Amount to Abusive Conducts? The Simbia/CLT-UFA Case in Luxembourg (10 July 2015)

Dick Pound, Sports Arbitration: How it Works and Why it Works (16 June 2015)

Kathryn Henne, Reforming Global Sport: Hybridity and the Challenges of Pursuing Transparency (20 August 2015).

Kathryn Henne, Defending Doping: Performances and Trials of an Anti-Doping Program (20 August 2015).

Thomas Margoni, The Protection of Sports Events in the European Union: Property, Intellectual Property, Unfair Competition and Special Forms of Protection (August 29, 2015).

Teresa Scassa and Benoit Séguin, Ambush Marketing Legislation to Protect Olympic Sponsors: A Step Too Far in the Name of Brand Protection? (October 7, 2015).

  

Others:

Bulletin TAS/CAS Bulletin 2015/1

Bulletin TAS/CAS Bulletin 2015/2



[1] This literature review would not have been possible without the precious support of our former intern Piotr Drabik.

[2] Only the articles deemed relevant from an international sports law perspective are listed here.

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